Rebecca Clarke ׳ Ǽ
by
Susan Rachel Mina

    Rebecca Clarke ô뿡 ׸ μ Ÿ øƮ ̿, ö 丮 ֿ ǽ ǾƳ ö â  ij ҹ ۰Ͽ. ׳డ Ⱓ ö ǰ(ä ׳ Viola Sonata(1919) Passacaglia on an old English Tune) ϰ, κ ǰ 뷡 ǰ ȭų ִ. ǰ ö ַθƮμ ó ׳ ڽ , Ŀ ־ ׳ ε巯 ǿ 巯⿡ " " Ÿ ϴ. ׳ ģ Ŀ Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge û ۰ ׽Ʈ Ϻκ Clarke ö ҳŸ ϰ, ȣϰ ۰ Ÿ Ͽ. ׳ ö ҳŸ( ) Ѹ øƮμ ׸ μ ƶ ٸ ö ǰ 񱳴 Rebecca Clarke ʷμ ȴ.

    ۰ ְ , ׳ Ư ߿ ǹ̸ ȿ ¾. ׳ Ӵϴ ̸̿, Ͽ ¾ ׳ ƹ Eastman Kodak ȸ翡 ǥ̻ ٹϿ.(1) ׳ ڸ μ, 1886 8 27 Harrow ¾.(2) üӹ ָ Բ õ ־, ׳ ƹ Ƹ߾ ÿ ְ üӹ μ ڳ鿡 Ͽ. (3) ׳ 8쿡 ̿ø Ͽ, 丮(4) 1900 ĸ ڶȸ ڹټ Ư 帣 ־. (5)  񼭱 Ŀ ׳ ۰ ߴ ġ Ǿ.

   16 ̿ ׳ ο ī̿ Hans Wessely Բ ̿ø ְ Ǿ. ׳ ƹ ׳ ϸ (״ ö Lionel Tertis ö ϵ ) Percy Hider Miles  Clarke ûȥ б Ͽ. ׳ ƹ 谡 ۵Ǿ, 1911 24 ׳ ƹ ᱹ Ǿ. ᱹ ȭظ Ͽ. Clarke ׳ Ƴ, ׳ ۰ Ͽ. ۰ ׳ ؼϴ Ǿ.(7) ׳ ۰ "dzó, ⱸ, ׸ " ãҴ.

   ׳ ƹ ׳ й ʾ, ׳ ο ⵵ Ͽ. Royal College of Music ۰ ̸, ۰ Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frank Bridge, John Ireland, Gustav Holst Charles Stanford̴. Stanford ׳ ǰ "̼"ϴٴ ˾, ׳ ǰ ڸ ɼ ù ڷ ޾Ƶ鿴.(9) ״ ׳డ ̿ø ö ٲٰ ɽƮ ϱ⸦ õϸ鼭, "ö ٲٰ , ʴ ߽ɿ ٷ ̰, װ  ̷ ְ ̴." ߴ. (10) Clarke  ǰ ö ǰ ־, ׳࿡ "ö ſ ڿ "ߴ.

   ׳ ƹ ο Ŀ ׳ Ҿȿ Ͽ, Clarke ö ϴ ׳ 踦 ̾ Ͽ. ׳ ڸ ޾ִ ɽƮ "Ʈ" ܿμ ȰϿ.(13) Sir Henry Wood(״ ۰  Dame Ethel Smyth û ) Queen's Hall Orchestra ܿ ä ޾Ҵ. Richard Strauss ־ о , ׳ øƮ Ȱϰ ־. ׳ ܿ ԽŲ ɽƮ ܿ å ϰ Ǿ, ٸ ̵ ְ鿡 ô .(14) üӹ ǰμ ׳ ɷ° ο ǰ ֿ ׳ ɼμ, ׳ θ ̷ üӹ ϰ Ǿ. Lionel Tertis 縦 鼭, ׳ Stanford õ ÿθ ϴ May Mukle, ̿ø ϴ Nora Clench, Lucy stone Բ  Nora(15) Clench ֿ շϰ Ǿ. (16) տ Classical Concerts Society ƴ϶ Ʈ ֳ ѵ ̾, ̿øϽƮ Jelly, Adila Fachiri ÿƮ Guilhermina Suggia Ͽ.(18)

 ׳ Paul Muriel Draper Jacques Thibaud, Jascha Heifets, Pierre Monteus, Pablo Casals, Josef Szigeti, Georg Szell, Arthur Rubinstein, Artur Schnabel, Eugene Goossens Բ մμ all-night üӹ "soirees"(߿Ƽ) Բ ϱ⵵ Ͽ. ÿƮ Mukle Ҿ, Ŀ Clarke Kathleen Long, Marjorie Haywood, Mukle Բ ӻ Ҹ ǾƳ ָ ã ȴ.(20)

    ö øƮ װ ǰ, ׳ ۰ ΰ Ÿ Ѵ. ׳ â ַ ϰ 뷡 ַ ۰Ͽ, Royal College of Music 1908 ö ̿ø ҳŸ(1) Ͽ 1909 "̿ø ö ҳŸ"(3) ǰ ۰Ͽ. 1916 Clarke ȸ Mukle Բ ӻ ܼƮ ϸ鼭 ̱ ȸϸ鼭, ׳ ù ö ǰ ޾Ұ, ׳ ȸ ַμ ǵǾ.(21) īױȦ ȸ ׳ ڽ ̸ ۰μ α׷ ̳ Ÿ ִµ ʹ ׳ ö ǾƳ븦 Morpheus ʸ Anthony Trentμ Ͽ. Ŀ Vogue ۰ Trent Ÿ ׳ ϴ ׸ ξ.(22)

   Rebecca clarke ª ö ǾƳ ȸ Ͽ ۰Ͽ, ̵ δ ǵ ʾҰų Ⱓȴ. ǰ ε巴 ħ Ⱓ Passacaglia ܷ ׳ ϳ Ⱓ Viola Sonata ǰ ȣ ص Ÿ.

   ̷ ǰ 踦 ϸ, ſ ϴµ ̴ ǰμ Ư¡ Ÿ. ǥǰ μǿ ǰ Ϲ 뷡 Ȥ ȿ ٸ ܼ 带 Ѵ. ǰ Ÿ ̵ ǰ ϰ ε巴 ϰ δ´. κ ǰ ų ⸦ ̰ ô̳ ̴. ̷ Ư Lullably(1909), Lullaby:an arrangement fo an ancient Irish tune(1913), Morpheus(1917-18), untitled(1917-18), Passacaglia on an Old English Tune(1941), ׸ I'll Bid My Heart Be still(1944) Ÿ.

   1909 Lullaby ̸ ù ø ǰμ, κ ö ̿ø ǾƳ븦 ۰Ǿ. "Lullaby" ̸ ׳࿡ ô ߿ϰ νĵǾµ, ȭӰ, ܼϰ, Ʊ⸦ õõ Ӵ Lullabies ǰ ׷ ִ. ʱ ǰ ⺻ ־ ABA 뷡 ϸ, ص ܼ ε ǾƳ ֿ ö ָ ݺϴ ϰ ִ. ̷ ؼ B ǿ ε巯 ̽ 鸲 ӽŰ Ư¡ Ѵ. ׳ ǰ ļ ö 뷡ϴ ϴ ȴ. װ ϰ ε巴 θƽϸ ⸦ .

    ° Lullaby(1913) Ƹ , The Complete Petrie Collection of Ancient Irish Music̶ Ҹ Standford 1007 . ǰ ǿ Claude Debussy ׳ ִ ° ǰμ ߿伺 . ǰ Db ۵dz, ־ Db(C# ) G(C#/Db ̸ ) μ δ´. ö ֵǴ ⺻ 뷡 ܼϳ, ǿ μӹμ ϸ, Ѵ.(23) ġ 6/8 ǰ 뷡 Ѵ. Կ ̾ ( 1 ) Ȯ ٸ ְ μ ְ ڵ. ٽ ѹ, ̸ ߾ ȸŰ Ƶϴ 뿡 ұϰ, ö ǾƳ ε巯 ʴ ŸϷμ ȭ ̷.

   Morpheus Lullabies ֿ ϴ ǰ̴. Morpheus μ ׸ ȭ Hypnos Ƶμ, Clarke ȭӰ ڴ ǵư Ѵ.(24) ǰ ⺻ ִµ ù° ô ε巴 뷡 ( 2) Ӵϰ ̸ θ 뷡 , ° ָ Ͱ Debussy ̴. ǰ ҳŸ ϰ ִٰ (25), ̴ κ ϰ ִ ̰, ʾұ ̴. AB(A ̾ B ̾) A' ̾B' δ 뷡 ־ 3 μ ̷ ִٰ κ . ٽ ǰ 뷡ϴ ϰ , ۰ ־ ε巴 ϴ.

   1917 1918 ǰ 3/4ڷμ, µ 5 ϸ ȣ ü ϰ Ѵ. ABABA 뷡 Ŀ, A  ô 5 Բ ϰ, ̴ ۰ Hildegard of Bingen(1098-1179) ۰ Ű ̴. µ ǰ ־ ִµ, ̾ մǥ ڷ ġ ް Ѵ. ǰ ſ Ģ , ȥ 뷡 ΰ ִ. B μ ȭ ̷, ٽ ѹ ̸ ޷ ش.( 5)

   Passacaglia Ⱓ ǰ ö ǰ̴. ǰ ""(뷡 ƴ϶) Ÿ Sonata ٸ ö ǰ̸, ̸ְ ƴ϶ и Ŀ Ÿ ǰ̴. Passacaglia passacaglia( ϸ ٸ ) ǿʹ ټ Ÿ , Thomas Tallis ۰ ׷쿡 Ѵ. Clarke ۰ ϸ鼭 ָ ϸ, ̷ ε δ.(26) δ (ǵǾ Ÿ ʹ Ƹ ٸ ̴) ־, ȭϰ Ǯ Clarke ٸ ö ǰ ⺻ 󰣴. ǰ ϰ ÿ ȣ μ δ´ٴ , ׳ ߿ Ÿ̴. ʿ , ǰ ׳ ܵ ö ǰ ߿ ȣ ǰ̴.

   Clarke 뷡 ǰ I'll Bid My Heart Be Stillμ, ׳ ؼ ̸, Ƽ δ ε ΰ ִ. ǰ , ̸, ȭο 뷡 ſ ܼ 뷡 Ŀ ٽ ѹ Ѵ. ε ̰ ֿ Բ ö ټ âȴ.( 6) ſ ǥ ǰμ ۰ ϰ ϰ δ´.

   ؼ, ܵ ö ǰ ȭϰ, , 뷡 Ѵ. ö Ʈ μ ϰ ִ ݸ鿡 - ġ Rebecca Clarke ö ڷμ ⱳ θ,  ܼ ε Ͽ - ǾƳ Ʈ ȭ ϰ, Ŵ ä ǥǸ Ų. ϰ, ϰ, Ÿ ǰ ۰ ε巴 ΰ, õõ Ű⿡, ̷ ǰ ̶ ִ.

   ̿ ǰ ƴ϶ ū ö ҳŸ ǥ Ѵ. Schoenbergian Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Ernest Bloch, English folksong ؼ Rebecca Clarke ׳ุ Ư Ÿ âϱ Ͽ پ ǿ ԽŲ. ׳ ؽĴ Debussy Ҵµ, ġ, αٰŸ, ̰, ̰, Ȥ ü ̰, Ŭ̸ƽ (ȭ ȭ) ذ ʴ´. ׳ ſ () 6, 7, 9 ڵ带 Ѵ. ֺ ׳ ο信 и Ļ 뷡ϴ ε . Ҿ, ׳  ڹ ׳ Bloch 4 ϰ ׸, 4 5 ݵ Ͽ. ׳ ε ֺ λĸ Ų. Դٰ, ׳ , Ʈø ȥϰų, ϰ Ʈ . ׳డ ο øƮ ķ, ׳ ǰ DZ ôϿ, ڵ ġ ϴ ټ ڿ ΰ ϸϸ Ͽ.

   Lionel Tertis 20 ַ øƮ ڷ , 1919 ö ذ Ǿ. Ŀ Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge  üӹ ۰ 濬 ö ǾƳ ҳŸ Ȥ ϱ . ׳ 1919 3 22 Musical America 1000޷ ޻򼼽 Pittsfield ׳ üӹ ǥϿ. Clarke ģ Ŀڷμ Coolidge Ư Clarke 濬ȸ ǰ ûϿ. Clarke ȣ翡 1918 ׳ ö ҳŸ Ͽ, Ʈ 1919 7 3 ϼϿ.(28) 72 Ͽ, 6 ɻ(Louis Bailly, Georges Longy, Frederick Stock, Rubin Goldmark, Richard Aldrich, George Copeland) 3ǥ ǰ , Ernest Bloch's Suite Rebecca Clarke's Sonata . Coolidge ϱ⸦ 䱸޾Ұ, Bloch Suite Ͽ.(29) ̸ , ɻ ǰ ̸ ˱⸦ Ͽ, Bloch ǰ ö ǰ̰, ǰ ǰ̶ ϱ ߴ. ɻ ǰ ſ Rebecca Clarke ؼ ٴ ˰ Ͽ.(30) Coolidge ⿡ ؼ Ӱ Ҵ. 1976 ͺ信 Clarke Bloch â ŸϷ ؼ ڿ Bloch ǰ ˾ ־ ̶ ߴ.(31) , Coolidge ģ ̿ Clarke ؼ ɻ Richard Aldrich Coolidge ̷ ִ.
"׷ 濬ȸ ڸ ̳, Ȥ ٸ  ⸦ ؼ ģ ̿ װ ־ٰ ̾߱ ִ. 翬 ٰ  ӳ Ȥ̶ ҿ ְ, Ǹ ġ ְ, ٸ ۰ Ͽ ȸ ϴ Ű ֽϴ."(32)

    򰡰 Ȳ繫 Ӵ Rebecca Clarke Bloch ̶ ̴.

   Coolidge ׳ üӹ 濬ȸ ö ǰ ǰ ޶ ûؿ , Clarke ׳ ǥ ۰ ŸϿ  ֵ ٸ ǰ ִ ǰμ û߰ ɻ ְ Ͽ. (34) ׳ (׳࿡) ,   帣 ҳŸ õϱ Ͽ. ۰ ܿ Royal College of Music Competitions ö ҳŸ ǰ ҳŸ ۰Ǿ. ׸ Coolidge 濬ȸ ۰ ǰ  Piano Trio Viola Sonata Ŀ ̷ ۰Ǿ. (35) ׳డ ̷  濬 ϰ, ä ޾, ׳ ̷ ׳ ۰ ʴٴ ˰ ־. (36) 뷡 ó ҳŸ ֿ Ѵٸ, ׳ ڽ ϴٰ ̴.

   Viola Sonata ô̳ ־ ٸ ǰ̾, ̱ ö ǰ̶ ϱⰡ ̴. ǰ ô̳ ̰ܿ, ̰, ̸, ȣ̰, , ϸ, Ư¡ ̴. Դٰ ǰ ټ Ǿ, ҳŸ ǰ̴. ª ö ǰ ҳŸ ǰ ݴǴ ǵ( ) ̻Ӹ ƴ϶, ۰ İ ⱳ ־ ⿡ ̲ ȸ ǰ â ϴ ׳ ǵ ִ ̴. 翬ϰԵ, ׳ ǰ Viola Sonata ô ݸ, ׳ ̰, ̹ ǰ δ , ׷ ִ.

   ҳŸ ̷ Marcia Citron ؼ Ǿµ, Susan McClary ٸ ̵ 帣 ص ۰ ̶ µ, ̴ "" ֿ 踦 ϰ, ħ "" ̶ Ҵ. A.B Marx, Hugo Riemann, Vincent D'lndy ̷а ҳŸ ָϿ.(37)

  úο "" Ҹ ù °   Ű Ÿ. ̾ ȭ "" ϰ ȴ. ε巯 μ Ÿٴ Ƿ ɼ ۵ȴ. ư, ο ó "" μ Ÿ, "" "" ù Ű ǵư. ǻ, "" "" ϰ , ϰ ִ. ̸ ñ 1845 A.B. Marx å Die Lehre von musikalischen Komposition ״ ̷ ׵ . װ ϱ⸦

   " κ ... ֿ ù ° , ó ֿϰ κ żϰ, ̱⿡ , Ȱ ְ, ϰ ׷ ֱ⿡ - ֿϰ, ̴. , ݴ ۿ ϸ, ڿ ؼ ׷ DZ⿡ ڿ ʿ ε巯,   ϰ ǰ ׸ Ȱ⸦ ⿡ -- ڸ, ڵ. "

   ̷ м Clarke Viola Sonata ù 忡 Ųٸ ִ ߰ ִ. ҳŸ ⺻ ִٰ ϴ, Clarke ſ ǥ κ . ׳ úδ ſ ε: ׳ Ÿµ(׳ ҳŸ ǰ Ѵ), ̴ 5 ݰ ϴ.( 7) 5 2° ۺ 4 Ƽ Բ ⺻ Ѵ. ׳ ۺ ûߵ ־ Ͽ ȣϰ, ¸ ϸ,  ̰, ȭϰ, ε巯 ϶ ׳ ° μ ûߵ ޷. ( 8) ο, ù ġ ϰ ε巴 ָ ǵƿ, "" ϰ Ÿ. ( 10)  ̷ ҳŸ ̶ ִ. ǰ ̴ ε巴 ȭϰ ° μ ´.( 39)

   ư, ǰ (3 ) Clarke Ű, DZϰ Űٰ δ´. ̰ " " " " ñ ¸ , ̴ ù ݹ ִ. ̷ ؼ ִµ: Ƹ Clarke ıϴ ʹ ηϿ ù μ μ ȭ ̷ ִ. Ȥ ׳ μ ǰ ԰ ȯ μ ׳ ǰ
ִ.

   ǰ ° ߰ ø ſ õ ɸ . ( 11). Clarke ٸ ö ǰ  ͵ ޸, dz ö󰡰, ݺ δ. Clarke ö ǰ ۰ ε巴 , Ȱ Ÿϰ ûߵ ź Ѵ.

   , Clarke Viola Sonata ׳ ٸ ö ǰ ٸ. ׳ Ϲ ûߵ鿡 ȣ ְ, ۰ 迡 ִ ǰ ؼ ׳ ڽ ȥ 뷡 ǰκʹ ־ Ѵٴ ʿ伺 ˰ Ǿ. Viola Sonata Rebecca Clarke dz ִٰ , װ ׳ ۰ ŸϿ () ij ΰ Ϳ ٸ ƴϴ. ׳ ׳ ֺ 谡 ޾Ƶ̴ ǰ ۰ϱ ؼ ׳ Ÿ ô ٲ . ׸ װ ߰ ʱ ܰ迡 ִ ׳ ö ǰ ޸ - ſ ̿, ޾Ƶ鿩, ⰣǾ.

   Viola Sonata ۰ , Clarke ָ ִ ƹ, Joseph Thacher Clarke , ̷μ ׳ Harrow ƿ ӴϿ Բ ȰϿ. ó ׳ ֿ ۰ Ͽ, 1921 Piano Trioμ Coolidge 濬ȸ 2 Ͽ, 1923⿡ Coolidge Ź ÿο ǾƳ븦 ð ۰Ͽ, . ( 40)  ǿ Ͽ, ׳ ۰ ǰ Ͽ. Clarke ׳డ 1920 1930 γ õ ۰ ٴ Ͽ. ׳ ô ū Ŀ ұϰ, 1940-1942 ̱ ᱹ ۰ ο ڸ ְ Ǿ. ׳ ׳ (׳ Ҿϰ ˰ ) ӹ ־, £ ؼ ٽϿ, ׳ ģκ ָ ־, ׳ ƹ ׳ ʱ , ׳ ۰ ؼ ؼҵ ־. ǾƳ, ̿ø, ö Dumka Ͽ ̽ñ⿡ ۰ ǰ : Passacaglia for viola and piano, Prelude, Allegro, Pastorale for viola and clarinet ׸ 뷡̴.(41)

   ׳డ (Ȥ ) Ǿ , ׳ ٻ ۰ õ. ķ Ÿ ȴٰ ׳ â ǾƴϽƮ James Friskin , ſ ູ ȥ Ⱓ Ŀ ħ ȥ(׳ ƹ ֱӿ ұϰ) ÷ȴ. ׵ 58. 뷡 ϰ, ұϰ 35 ׳ ۰ . ( 42) Ͽư, ׳ ׳ , ۰ ۵ ؼ üӹ ǰ鿡 ū ƴ. ( 43) ׳ ˷ ǰ  Viola Sonata Piano Trio ٸ ǰ ˷ ä ִ. ׳ 1979 10 13 忡 .

Rebecca Clarke Footnotes

1. Michael Ponder, "Double Talent," The Strad, August,1987, p. 250.

2. [M.B.S.], "Rebecca Clarke: Violist and Composer," The Strad, December,1966,
p. 297.

3. Ponder, p. 250.

4. Christopher Johnson, Liner Notes to Rebecca Clarke: Music for Viola,
Northeastern Records NR 212,1985.

5. Liane Curtis, "Rebecca Clarke: Selected Events and Compositions"
[unpublished document].

6. Ponder, p. 250.

7. Liane Curtis, Rebecca Clarke: A Context for Her Instrumental Music [paper
read at the American Musicological Society meeting in Montreal, Canada on
November 6,1993], p. 2.

8. Rebecca Clarke, "I Had a Father Too; or The Mustard Spoon," 1970?-79,
[unpublished manuscript in the collection of Christopher Johnson], p. 68, quoted
in Johnson.

9. Johnson.

10. Ponder, p. 250.

11. [M.B.S.], p. 297.

12. Clarke, "I Had a Father Too; or The Mustard Spoon," p. 159, quoted in
Johnson.

13. Johnson.

14. [M.B.S.], p. 297.

15. The spelling of Ms. Clench's first name appears differently in different
sources.

16. [M.B.S.], p. 297.

17. The spelling of of d'Aranyi appears differently in different sources.

18. [M.B.S.], p. 297.

19. Ponder, p. 250.

20. Curtis, "Rebecca Clarke: Selected Events and Compositions."

21. Ibid.

22. [M.B.S.], p. 297.

23. Calum MacDonald, "Rebecca Clarke's Chamber Music (I)", Tempo, A
Quarterly Review of Modern Music 160 [March, 1987]: pp. 16-17.

24. Ibid., p. 17.

25. Ibid.

26. Johnson.

27. Alfred Kay, review of concert, Sacramento, California, Sacramento Bee,
February 21, 1989, p. D5.

28. Johnson.

29. Ann Woodward, introduction to Rebecca Clarke's Sonata for Viola and Piano
[London: J and W Chester, 1985].

30. Johnson.

31. Curtis, Rebecca Clarke: A Context for Her Instrumental Music, p. 2.

32. Woodward.

33. Curtis, Rebecca Clarke: A Context for Her Instrumental Music, p. 3.

34. Liane Curtis, "Chapter 4: An Authoritative Voice: Sonata Form in the Works
of the Coolidge Competitions" [unpublished chapter of forthcoming book], p. 15.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., p. 30.

37. Marcia Citron, Gender and the Musical Canon [Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1993], pp.132-145.

38. A.B. Marx, Die Lehre von der musikalischen Komposition, part 3 [Leipzig,
1845], p. 273, quoted and translated from the original German in Citron, p. 135.

39. Curtis, "Chapter 4: An Authoritative Voice: Sonata Form in the Works of
the Coolidge Competitions," p.9.

40. Curtis, "Rebecca Clarke: Selected Events and Compositions."

41. Curtis, Rebecca Clarke: A Context for Her Instrumental Music, pp. 4-5.

42. Ibid., pp. 6-7.

43. [M.B.S.], p.299.